Teacher immediacy Essays

Teacher immediacy Essays Teacher immediacy Paper Teacher immediacy Paper Immediacy can be described as psychological and physical closeness to another human (Gorham, 1988). Traditionally, immediacy has two components, non verbal and verbal. Non-verbal immediacy behaviors have been categorized into items such at smiles, eye contact, communicating at short distances, body positions that are forward leaning and/or relaxed, positive gestures, touch, and variety in vocalizations (Christophel, 1990; Kearney, Plax, Smith, Sorenson, 1988). Verbal immediacy would include self-disclosure, use of we, calling on students by name, and humor (Gorham, 1988; Kearney et al. , 1988). It is clear that teacher immediacy impacts teacher effectiveness, student motivation, and student learning (Gorham, 1988; Rodriguez, Plax, Kearney, 1996). What is unclear is the link between teacher immediacy, perceived teacher gender, and student willingness to participate. For this study, the variable of instructor nonverbal and verbal immediacy behaviors will be student reported on a 34-item measure (Christophel, 1990). Perceived Gender of the Instructor Because the students will report on the gender traits of the instructor, this variable is labeled as perceived gender. Sex and gender are not terms that are interchangeable today in communication research (Campbell, Gillaspy, Thompson, 1997). The term sex usually refers to biological differences between women and men while gender often refers to the social, psychological, and cultural beliefs humans have about themselves as being male or female (Pearson Davilla, 2001). For this study, gender is defined as the sex type of a person based on the degree to which that person has internalized the traits the society has deemed as masculine and feminine, and these masculine and feminine traits are delineated by the BSRI based on a judgment as to whether American society viewed those characteristics as more desirable in men and women, respectively (Bem, 1974). As educational communication researchers, we are interested in the extent to which our students have internalized societys standards for being masculine or feminine and how this internalization impacts how students conceptualize and categorize teacher gender traits. One way to measure perception of sex roles is to use the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) created by Sandra Bem (1974). The BSRI treated masculinity and femininity as two separate dimensions and asked respondents to self-rate from a list of personality traits (Auster Ohm, 2000). Each respondent would be classified into one of four groups: androgynous (high masculine/high feminine), masculine (high masculine/low feminine), feminine (low masculine/high feminine), and undifferentiated (low masculine/low feminine) (Pearson Davilla, 2001; Wheeless, Dierks-Stewart, 1981). In the original study, Menzel and Carrel (1999) found no significant relationship between the biological sex of instructors and student willingness to participate. What is unclear is both the relationship between perceived teacher gender and student willingness to participate and the relationship between perceived teacher gender and teacher immediacy behaviors. For this study, the variable of perceived gender of the instructor will be student reported on a 20-item BSRI. Willingness to Talk Student willingness to talk is an important component of the classroom environment, but unfortunately it is rare for the majority of students participate in whole class discussion (Green, 2000) Oral student participation is linked to active learning (Steinert, Snell, 1999), and instructors use class discussions to develop critical thinking skills (Garside, 1996) and to improve student communication competence (Zorn, 1991). Furthermore, student in-class speech is often a way that teachers gauge their pedagogical effectiveness, and instructors also use student speech to evaluate student learning (Cooper, 1995). Despite the importance of student speech in student learning, in a discussion setting that incorporates thirty-five students or less, 15 percent of the students will be responsible for 75 percent of all student speech (Green, 2000). Because of this disparity in student participation, it is important to study variables that could influence student willingness to speak. Menzel and Carrel (1999) found the level of student willingness to talk to be positively correlated with student learning; they also argued that classroom dialogue is important to study because it is a reflection of effective instruction. When measuring willingness to talk in class, it seems reasonable to accept Menzel and Carrels (1999) incorporation of the variables of student interest and state motivation, type of participation environment, seating arrangement, and level of discord with ideas discussed, especially since the researchers statistically evaluated their instrument for internal validity and found these variables valuable in studying student willingness to talk. For this study the variable of student willingness to talk in class is self-reported on a 19-item measure incorporating the aforementioned variables (Menzel Carrel, 1999). Purposes and Objectives This study seeks to replicate portions of the original study done by Menzel and Carrell (1999), with biological sex being replaced by gender of instructor, which is defined as psychological gender traits and student reported on the shortened BSRI. As previously discussed, research has positively correlated teacher immediacy behaviors with student willingness to talk (Menzel Carrell, 1999). Previous research has not investigated two potential relationships: between student willingness to talk and perceived instructor gender traits, and between instructor immediacy behaviors and perceived instructor gender traits. Hypothesis and Research Questions: H1: A students willingness to talk in class will positively vary based on instructor immediacy behavior (verbal and nonverbal combined in one variable). RQ1: Will a students willingness to talk in class vary as a function of the student reported perceived gender of the instructor? RQ2: Is there a relationship between instructor immediacy behavior (verbal and nonverbal combined in one variable) and student reported perceived gender of the instructor? With regard to our data set, we surveyed community college students while Menzel and Carrell (1999) surveyed university students. Given the differences between the educational plans of some community college students and the educational plans of university students, we wondered if length of planned education could impact how students reported on the three variables of our study. With this in mind, we posed a final research question.

How to Read a Meniscus in Lab Measurements

How to Read a Meniscus in Lab Measurements The meniscus is the curve seen at the top of a liquid in response to its container. The meniscus can be either concave or convex, depending on the surface tension of the liquid and adhesion to the wall of the container. A concave meniscus occurs when the molecules of the liquid are more strongly attracted to the container than to each other. The liquid appears to stick to the edge of the container. Most liquids, including water, present a concave meniscus. A convex meniscus (sometimes called a backwards meniscus) is produced when the molecules of the liquid are more strongly attracted to each other than to the container. A good example of this shape of meniscus may be seen with mercury in a glass container. In some cases, the meniscus appears flat (e.g., water in some plastics). This makes taking measurements easy! How to Take Measurements With a Meniscus When you read a scale on the side of a container with a meniscus, such as a graduated cylinder or volumetric flask, its important that the measurement accounts for the meniscus. Measure so that the line you are reading is even with the center of the meniscus. For water and most liquids, this is the bottom of the meniscus. For mercury, take the measurement from the top of the meniscus. In either case, you are measuring based on the center of the meniscus. For a flat meniscus, make sure the liquid is level. Usually placing the container on a lab bench does the trick. You wont be able to take an accurate reading looking up at the liquid level or down into it. Get eye-level with the meniscus. You can either pick up the glassware to bring it up to your level or else bend down to take measurements in situations where youre concerned with dropping the container or spilling its contents. Use the same method to take measurements each time so that any errors you make will be consistent. Fun Fact: The word meniscus comes from the Greek word for crescent. This makes good sense, considering the shape of a meniscus. In case youre wondering, the plural of meniscus is menisci!

Visit the Jurassic Quest Exhibit and Report of geology Essay

Visit the Jurassic Quest Exhibit and Report of geology - Essay Example Some of the dinosaurs in the exhibit seem a life with sounds and movement. These are labelled moving Dinosaurs. By the touch of a button one is able to control the movement of a variety of the animatronics dinosaurs (Andrew, 68). Such event makes visitors happy due to the fact that they allow them to learn while controlling their movement, the breathing and more produce sound such as roaring. More interesting one can control their heads, arms, and tails as it comprises of different buttons that match to different body parts. I realized that no matter the age was fun not found in museums. Alongside animatronics dinosaurs that have movement capability, there is static one that is at a standstill. These are labelled Museum quality dinosaurs. These static dinosaur replicas are of museum quality which is automatically balanced to depict the palaeontologist recognized findings. These dinosaurs are well positioned in the exhibit so that people are able to touch and feel them. This activity is highly supported as it is what brought about the different discoveries on dinosaurs. In addition to the exhibition part, is a realistic scene shown by the use of digital screens. This assists in the learning of different features of the dinosaurs. Every scene stands for dinosaurs from a given time period that best shows when the dinosaur was in existence. One gets involved into the scenes by the use of sounds, sight, and motion by use of extraordinary sounds effects, lighting, animatronics and fog. In it an environment, taking one back when dinosaurs were in existence is exhibited with backdrops, rocks, flooring and plant materials. There were different dinosaur exhibits available for viewing. These included Gigantoraptor, Sinosauropteryx and T.rex juvenile, Eoraptor a bird like creature, Jobaria a 22 meters long necked plant eater, a seven meter plant eater

Iinternational Business Porters Diamond Analysis of the Mexican Essay

Iinternational Business Porters Diamond Analysis of the Mexican Business Environment - Essay Example BRIC countries are those that dominated global economic talks in 2001 and years after; at that time, these countries had demonstrated great potential in exploiting economic opportunities. These countries have moved on to become great and major players in the global economy, with great growth in their GDP. BRIC countries comprise of Brazil, Russia, India, and China; currently, these countries have now been classified as the powerhouses of the world economy. They have reformed their macroeconomic policies, something that has given them a cutting edge in creating economic competitive advantages globally. Later, a new perspective and outlook on activities by other countries brought up the MINT countries, as those showing huge advances in their economic growth. Currently, different countries are involved in various practices that can enhance their competitive advantage. Many countries are reforming the macroeconomic policies in the process of attracting local and international investments to spur the growth and development of economic activities in these countries. MINT countries are those that have shown tremendous developments in the economic activities, thus leading to expansion of their economic activities. These countries include Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey; according to Jim O’Neill, an economist, these countries have an upsurge of economic activities that have placed them perfectly in the league fast-growing economies. An important characteristic of these countries is the fact that they have young and aggressive populations that have the ability to take on various economic activities.

Protestant Reformation Essay Example for Free

Protestant Reformation Essay In the early sixteenth century, Western Europes religious face was dominated by the Roman Catholic faith. The Catholic Church was the sole athority power of day to day values, and before long, conflicting social and political issues began to shake the foundation of the corrupt Catholic Church. Moreover, Western Catholics began to realize the corrupt nature of the Church; as the selling of indulgences was challenged by Martin Luthers 95 Theses, the hierarchal nature of the Church was displayed via blatant acts of simony, and the concept was purgatory was outwardly questioned. Ultimately, as westerners caught wind of the aforementioned doings, an attempt to reform the Catholic Church began brewing: the Protestant Reformation. This Reformation ultimately led to several significant social and political consequences. On one note, the Reformation led to the once-all Catholic western Europeans being separated into several demographics: Catholic Christianty, Protestant Christianty, and Orthodox. As a result, the belief of the founder Jesus Christ was magnified, as well as the belief of the Bible as a doctrine of salvation (in the Protestant faith). Consequently, the popularity of the Bible led to it being printed in vernacular rather than Latin, and thus the Bible began to appeal to a larger audience rather than solely the wealthy and educated. This accessiblity to the lower class revealed the teachings of faith to a previously uninformed demographic. Also, Protestantism had created a new, highly individual spirituality. Survival and salvation depended upon inner faith and self-disclipline, thus a larger emphasis was made on personal commitments and values. As the teachings of the Bible were made more widely availible, the aforementioned notions became more widely available. With this newfound knowledge, and with the economic power of the church now lessened, there came a growth of induvidual liberty. These newfound attitudes and economic turn-around consequently reflected principes of, and led to, capitalism. On another hand, another consequence of the Reformation was many dispays of intolerance. More specifically, King Phillip II of Spain and Bloody Maryof England actively persecuted Protestants. Also, with the Reformation leaving the Churchs power teetering, several Rulers were empowered against the Church. Henry VII, for example, nullified the Popes powers, and in turn the Rulers of Europe had the power to rule their countries however they wished, from square one. This, ultimately, gave rise to the notion of nationalism, which gave rise to the growth of the modern state. Conclusively, the effects of the Protestant Reformation were very much significant. Starting in the hands of Martin Luther, the reform not only tore apart the religious unity of Europe at the time, but also contributed to induvidual attitudes and values, the growth of nationalism and the modern state, but also shined a light on the path to a capitalistic society.

sleep apnea Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sleep Apnea Human Physiology – Biology 60 The dictionary defines sleep as â€Å"The natural periodic suspension of consciousness during which the powers of the body are restored† (Webster’s 638) If one is waking up on an average of 300 times per night, the chances of complete body restoration are minimal. The Greek word apnea literally means â€Å"without breath†. An estimated 30 million Americans stop breathing during their sleep sometimes 30-40 times per hour and often for a minute, or longer each time. Of these, about 20 million are in the early stages, and about 10 million have progressed to a level of severity that requires treatment. According to the National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research, about 38,000 Americans die of sleep disorder related problems each year (Internal Medicine Alert 98). Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a potentially deadly sleep disorder, where by the uvula and soft pallet collapse on the back wall of the upper airway causing the cessation of breathing and a d rop in blood pressure. The hearts need for oxygen increases during apneic episodes, when someone stops breathing carbon dioxide slowly builds up in the bloodstream and the oxygen level quickly decreases (Melville 52). Eventually a signal from the brain triggers the body to partially wake up, this action causes blood pressure to increase, breathing, then resumes, and the cycle begins again. (See figure 1)1 Once the breathing resumes the oxygen level then begins to rise, the heart starts pumping much faster than normal, raising the blood pressure to dangerously high levels. These occurrences night after night increase the risk of damaging small organs and can trigger small strokes. Figure 1 There are three types of apnea: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), the most common, caused when the soft tissue in the rear of the throat collapses and closes. The second type is Central Sleep Apnea; instead of the airway collapsing the brain fails to signal the muscles to breath. The third type is Mixed Apnea and as the name suggests it is a combination of OSA and Central Apnea. This paper will focus on OSA, the history, risks, diagnosis, and treatment. OSA is a vastly undiagnosed and untreated disorder and is becoming one of America’s most serious general health issues. As more rese... ... to recognize sings and symptoms seem to be a thing of the past. Works Cited Alonso-Fernandez, Alberto, et al. "Cardiac rhythm disturbances and ST-segment depression episodes in patients with OSA-Hypopnea syndrome and its mechanisms." Chest 127 (2005): 15-23. Dement, William C. The Promise of Sleep. New York: Dell, 2000. 167-193. Dreher, H. Michael, and Regina M. Willard. "Wake up call for sleep apnea." Nursing 2005 Mar. 2005: 46. Holten, Keith B. "How should we diagnose and treat obstructive sleep apnea?" Journal of Family Practice 53 (2004): 202. Melville, Nancy A. "Sleep apnea's O2 disruption has diverse effects." Family Practice News 34 (2004): 52-53. Parsell, D.. "Sleep on it: fitful slumber tied to diabetes risk." Science News 25 Sept. 2004: 195-196. "Risk factors in sleep disorder breathing." Internal Medicine Alert 23 (2003): 97-100. Sleep Apnea screening and diagnosis. 21 July 2004. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Reasearch. 22 Mar. 2005 . Sullivan, Michele G. "Palatal implants decrease snoring, may lessen obstruction." Family Practice News 34 (2004): 52.

Behavior change health

I have been working on achieving my ideal weight this semester by losing 5 lbs in 5 weeks. I have modified my behavior and I am now able to keep from doing unhealthy activities such as eating fatty food. My goals did not change and I was able to achieve them. 2. I have completed my goals and am now prepared to move to creating new SMART goals.3. Yes, I was able to reach my goal of losing 5 lbs within 4 weeks. The short terms goals that I set for myself made the entire task more manageable. I used the short term goals in a checklist fashion which made accomplishing the overall goal more convenient to do.4. I relied on my friends for assistance and chose not to seek formal groups and organizations to participate in. My friends were very encouraging and they were there for me throughout the project. 5. As I promised my self, I have bought two outfits since the start of the project, one for every two pounds that I lost.I contemplated on buying another for the last pound but thought again st it because it would lower my standards. 6. I cannot really say that there were any major obstacles. The project went along smoothly and I was highly motivated by both my support and reward systems to accomplish my tasks.I do not think that there is anything to be done differently. 7. I believe that I have already achieved my goal for this project and would opt to have new goals. These goals are to maintain my current body weight, improve my health, and build my body. 8.To achieve my new goals, I have set up SMART goals that include working out in the gym five times a week, compiling healthy recipes which I will cook exclusively to be able to avoid unhealthy food, and abstaining from eating any fatty food during functions, meetings, and parties. I will monitor these goals in a two-month period and provide a summary evaluation at the end of the period.

Importance of National Income Statistics Essay

There are several important uses of national income statistics and, therefore, there is great need for their regular preparation. National income estimates provide not only a single figure showing the national income, but also supply the detailed figures in regard to the various components of the national income. It is both the figure of national income and the details regarding its various constituents that throw light on the functioning and performance of the economy. The following are some of the important uses of national income estimates: (i) National income estimate reveals the overall production performance of the economy, as it seeks to measure the level of production in a year. Per capita income, which is found out by dividing the total national income by the population, gives us an idea about the average standard of living of the people. Economic welfare depends to a considerable degree on the level of national income and the average standard of living of the people. Thus, the figures of national income and per capita income indicate the level of economic welfare of the people of a country. (ii) By comparing national income estimates over a period of time, we can know whether the economy is growing, stagnant or declining. If the national income increases over years, it means that the economy is growing. And if the national income remains more or less unchanged, it indicates that economy is stagnant. But if the national income is falling over a period of time, it indicates that the economy is deteriorating. In case the economy is growing, we can also judge the rate of economic growth or development by measuring the rate of increase in national income. Further, by comparing the per capita income over years, we can know the changes in the standards of living and economic welfare of the people. (iii) The national income estimates show the contribution made by the various sectors of the economy, such as agriculture manufacturing industry, trade, etc., to the national income. Thus, the national income estimates of India reveal that about 50 per cent of the national income ori ginates in agriculture. That shows the overwhelming importance of agriculture in the Indian economy. (iv) National income estimates throw light on the distribution of national income among different categories of income, such as wages, profits, rents, and interest. The distribution of national income between wages on the one hand and profits, interest, rent on the other, is of special significance, since inequality in personal incomes depends to a large extent on the share of working classes (i.e., wages) and the share of property owners (i.e., rents, profits and interest). (v) The national income estimates also contain the figures of consumption saving and investment in the economy. Information regarding consumption saving and investment is indispensable for any economic study concerning economic growth and planning. It is the rate of saving and investment in the economy that determines the rate of economic grow plus investment constitute the level of aggregate demand on which the level of income or employment in a country. (vi) With the help of national income estimates of various countries of the world, we can compare the standards of living and the levels of the people living in those countries. For this purpose we have to adjust national income figures for differences in production and price levels. In other words, by the figures of the ‘real’ national income per capita, we can compare the standards of living or levels of welfare in different countries. Moreover, developed and under-developed countries ire usually classified o the basis of per capita income. (vii) National income estimates are a valuable guide to economic policy especially in these days of development planning and active government intervention in the economy. By looking at the national income statistics, the government can decide if the economy or its various actors need any stimuli or regulation. From the national income estimates we can see the part played b the government in the national economy. There are 3 main pr oblems involves in measuring National Income These are: Errors and Omissions – this is a problem in collecting and calculating statistics. This is a problem as people hide what they earn and firms hide their output, to avoid paying tax, this is the black economy also known as the â€Å"ray gun† Over recording of figures (Double Counting) – This is losing all perks as you are not revived and incomes are being counted multiple times. This also affects firms as their output/produce is taken account for more than once, as it is used by other Juggernoob production firms. Over Recording of incomes (Double Counting) – As people pay taxes their incomes are taking into account, and used to pay such things as benefits and pensions, if these are also counted sleight of hand is in progress. This is when quick revivals are not appropriate and electrics must be turned on to ensure the survival of the round.

Marketing Report of General Mills Canada Corporation

Marketing Report of General Mills Canada Corporation Outline Should General Mills Canada Corporation (GMCC) focus on and continue to invest in the refrigerated baked goods (RBG) category? A business case supporting the argument How could/would you grow the RBG category? What strategic goal/s and direction would be realistic and required? How could/would you grow the refrigerated cookie dough (RCD) segment? What strategic goal/s and direction would be realistic and required? Who is/are Pillsbury’s target consumer for RCD? How would you describe the ideal target consumer profile? Should General Mills Canada Corporation (GMCC) focus on and continue to invest in the refrigerated baked goods (RBG) category? A business case supporting the argument The performance of RBG in the past two years has not been stellar. The net earnings and volumes of sales between 2004 and 2006 had declined. Further, household penetration has continued to decline.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Marketing Report of General M ills Canada Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, RBG product line was the fourth best in the company. The most profitable product in RGB category is the refrigerated-cookie product line. It represented 62 percent of sales and had over 75 percent of the product line profits. Table 1: Statement of Earnings (figures are in millions) 28 May, 2006 29 May, 2005 30 May, 2004 Net Earnings $1,090 $1,240 $1,055 Total Expenses and Costs $10,073 $9,429 $9,562 According to study results by Market Tools, refrigerated baked goods were convenient for consumers because they were easy and quick to make (79 percent). Generally, customers prefer convenient products. The team also learned that RGB product consumption was on the increase, especially among household with children. This implies that GMCC has a potential market niche. Therefore, it should target households with children in advertisement campaigns. Guillen must convince th e management team that RGB product line shall improve when they adopt scratch baking method since Canadian consumers prefer it. Therefore, it must promote scratch baking method in the Canadian market rather than the popular methods in the US. The research also established that mothers preferred products, which were relatively easy, quick, practical, and attractive to children. The GMCC should consider this insight and develop brands of RGB.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company must also develop the product because it is popular with mothers, who influence purchase decisions based on affordability, convenience, and attractiveness to children. Despite the stagnant sales and revenues, the research established that cookie markets were growing in Canada. Therefore, GMCC should focus on the growth segment of the market. The research provided considerable insi ght and knowledge that enabled Guillen to understand that Canadians preferred scratch baking rather than refrigerated cookies. Therefore, the company can create the niche and revive sales. Based on market research results, Guillen should develop product campaigns that address various challenges, which lapsed users have encountered. Therefore, it is appropriate for GMCC to segment customers based on preferences, usages, appeals, and various emotions that RGB brand creates. The company should not focus on other consumers, who will never purchase Pillsbury products. Instead, it should develop a new niche and attract brand champions. However, it must accomplish this strategy with the right advertisement and campaign messages, which can reach most households and appeal to kids who influence purchase decisions of Pillsbury products. How could/would you grow the RBG category? What strategic goal/s and direction would be realistic and required? GMCC can increase the sales of RBG product lin e by reviewing market penetration approaches. It must market the current RBG products to existing customers. In addition, it must develop strategies to attract lapsed users and non-users. Guillen must focus on increasing the rate of purchase The company must sale to lapsed users Increasing the volumes of sales at every purchase occasion It must develop new strategies to attract non-users He must develop new strategies to attract lapsed users and non-users of RBG product line. The RBG product line has a defined target market. As a result, the products have a clear market potential. The marketing strategies of GMCC must concentrate on potential market segments. GMCC can enhance purchase frequencies of RBG products by running advertisement campaigns, which can attract users by highlighting products’ feature such as ease of use, quick, practical, and appeal to children. This will drive purchase frequencies from mothers.Advertising We will write a custom case study sampl e on Marketing Report of General Mills Canada Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the same time, the company can ensure that users increase the amount of purchase by introducing value to products. For instance, the company can introduce new methods to attract lapsed users, who have busy schedules. According to the research conducted, brand champions, lapsed user, and non-user did not express price concerns about Pillsbury products. Therefore, GMCC should not change pricing strategy of RBG product line. GMCC must use a product development strategy in order to adapt to the Canadian consumers, who prefer scratch baking of cookies. At the same time, it must introduce new products to attract lapsed users, who do not want to engage in scratch baking. Guillen must introduce: New features to RBG product line, such as convenience of baking New brands to appeal to older consumers The product development concept shall ensure that segment of the markets, which include lapsed users, older consumers, and non-users buy new or improved RBG product line. How could/ would you grow the refrigerated cookie dough (RCD) segment? What strategic goal/s and direction would be realistic and required? The refrigerated cookies dough (RCD) is the most successful product line among all RBG products. It drives the company’s growths and profits. For instance, it represented 62 percent of the RBG sales and over 75 percent of the category’s sales. This shows why Guillen must focus on RCD. He must make the RCD brand unique in relation to other cookies in the Canadian market. Mothers have expressed their confidence with the RCD. Therefore, Guillen must focus on his three observations: Increase frequency of purchases Increase household penetration Combine the two strategies The company must create a good experience for customers who buy RCD. The experiences shall persuade them to buy RCD again. When consumers decide to buy RC D, they shall develop the RCD brand and increase the product value. As a result, this shall create brand loyalty that shall ensure that the company penetrates the market, reaches households, and increases sales volumes and market shares.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This strategy is suitable for GCMM because it has created the best brand in the Canadian cookie market. For instance, GCMM created a brand that dominated the market share. Pillsbury remained iconic brand in Canadian households with the Pillsbury Doughboy campaign. This implies that cookies from Pillsbury have a positive association with customers, a high brand value than competitors, and a recognised name across most households. Based on the Cookies Usage and Attitude Study Results, the company must brand RCD to reflect the market needs. It must: Rebrand cookies for scratch baking in Canada Enhance convenience and taste Appeal to children Brand for lapsed users and non-users The research showed that the use of RCD was on the rise in households. Therefore, the company must use branding strategies to create what consumers expects from cookies based on the above results like convenience, appeal to children, and affordability. This shall turn lapsed users and non-users into customers. Such branding strategies must create credibility, consistency, and competitive pricing of RCD. Attracting lapsed and non-users These segments of Canadian markets appreciate convenience, affordability, and ease of RCD products. The research results indicated that brand champions and lapsed users were similar, but not in all aspects. For instance, they were all mothers who cared and worried about their kids. Therefore, the company strategic campaigns should aims at providing a sense of security and ease of use for lapse users. The advertisement should guarantee busy mothers satisfaction through ease of use. Therefore, the company must introduce new brands to cater for this market. The company can provide free samples for non-users and lapsed users. This shall enable potential customers to taste cookies before buying, and they are most likely to purchase Pillsbury products based on their preferences. The company should engage in constant advertisement campaigns. This should aim at pen etrating the market and reaching various households. Brand champions should promote or refer RCD to other consumers. This can be convenient during family functions. During the discovery workshop, Guillen noted emotional reactions, feelings and gained insights into lives of cookies’ consumers and bakers. The company can organise such events to promote cookies. In addition, it should have community-based gatherings for marketing purposes and charity works. This shall provide opportunities for non-users to taste Pillsbury products. Compare and contrast product forms. Specifically, define the product benefit/s and competitive advantage/s Scratch baking ingredients Has emotional appeal to mothers and the entire household across Canada Appeal to most consumers in Canada Appeal to pragmatic, get-it-done type of consumers Pre-mix cookie baking products Requires minimal preparation Convenient to busy consumers Has nutritional value Refrigerated cookie dough – chubs Has var ious varieties Are pre-mixed and require minimal preparation Have sharing and giving appeals to consumers Have nutritional value Refrigerated cookie dough – ready-to-bake pre-formed cookies Convenient to busy consumers Are seasonal for various occasions Come in various varieties All Pillsbury products invoke a sense of generosity among consumers. Illustrate and discuss a product-positioning map including each variant. Where do you see the greatest market potential and why? Canadian consumers prefer scratch baking Pillsbury products. The research result shows that 61 percent of consumers are scratch users. This implies that the product has a potential among mothers, who are pragmatic. On the other hand, refrigerated and pre-mix products appeal to a different segment of busy consumers. This is an emerging market niche for the company. Therefore, the branding strategies should aim at increasing consumer preferences by highlighting the product convenience features to busy cons umers. Fig. 1: a product-positioning map However, we have based the production-positioning map on various perceptions of consumers. For instance, various consumers have different perceptions on scratch baking products. There are mothers who consider them convenient, affordable, appealing to children, and easy to use. On the other hand, some consumers feel that scratch baking products consume most of their time. This product-positioning map identifies potential market gaps and consumer segments, which Pillsbury can target in order to achieve an increment in sales and market shares. These products have demands based on perceptions of various customers. Therefore, Pillsbury must resort to active branding and promotion strategies. Successful positioning shall require Guillen to use benefits of all products, which customers seek. Therefore, he must: Target specific segments of the market based on benefits of each product Communicate products’ benefits in different ways from comp etitors Who is/are Pillsbury’s target consumer for RCD? How would you describe the ideal target consumer profile? Pillsbury’s target consumers for RCD products are pragmatic mothers, households with kids, busy mothers, and people who prefer get-together events. In Canada, kids are the main purchase drivers of RCD. Therefore, GCMM marketing strategies must focus on various segments of target markets and create relationships with these RCD consumers. The company has adequate information about these target markets. Therefore, it must develop adequate strategies to reach potential markets. This process requires developing an ideal profile for various segments of the market. The profile shall enable GCMM to identify various needs and challenges of different segments of the Canadian market. The profile shall: Reduce knowledge gap about consumers Identify ideal consumers Identify both lapsed users and non-users Provide consumers’ insights This shall help the company to position RCD in the market appropriately and deliver value to consumers. The RCD customer profile includes both demographics and psychographic characteristics of the target consumers. Demographic features Age: mothers in their 30s to 40s (kids are the purchase drivers in this category) Sex: female and men (who purchase for the family) Occupation: homemakers and working mothers Level of income: low and middle classes Geographical location: Canadian markets Psychographic characteristics Values: some consumers consider Pillsbury products as having ‘a shared secret Beliefs: consumers believe that the products represent acts of generosity and are better than other products Buying patterns: buying in Canada is impulsive (mainly influenced by kids’ demands) Perception: customers believe that the products are easy to use, convenient, and affordable Hobbies and interests: products are ideal for sharing and giving in family events Guillen shall use the customers’ p rofile to understand factors that influence purchase decisions of RCD consumers. However, he must note that consumers’ preferences change over time. This is why there are lapsed users of RCD. Therefore, scheduled market studies are necessary to understand factors that influence purchase decisions. Both demographic and psychographic characteristics of consumers provide factors that drive purchase of RCD, consumers’ concerns, and decision-making processes. These shall assist in developing appropriate marketing strategies. Specifically, Guillen shall use such information to formulate: RCD description for specific markets Pricing strategy Grow the brand Segment the RCD market in Canada based on information at hand and develop a relevant target market profile for the Pillsbury RCD marketing strategy. Who would you target and why? The RCD market in Canada consists of pragmatic, get-it-done types of mothers and busy mothers, who have busy schedules and do not want to spend their time in scratch baking. At the same time, we have to take into account influences of kids. The company research established that these segments of the markets are large enough to drive sales and increase the market share. These segment markets can serve market objectives of the company. In addition, the company can run active marketing campaigns to reach most households. These segments have also expressed signs of growths. However, RCD campaign and promotional strategies must focus on both existing customers and winning lapsed users. Communicating with these segments of the market shall enable the company to understand various needs of consumers. These market segments shall meet the aspiration of the company in terms of driving sales volumes and revenues. The company must choose the best options for the target markets. Based on the results of gathered data, Guillen must engage the marketing and sales team in all intricate stages of decision-making. The company must initiate ef fective promotion, advertisement, sales, and distribution strategies. The branding strategy and branding message shall be the main concern for the target market segment. The company must recognise that customers have various perceptions on a single product. The research results showed that different mothers have different perceptions about cookies. This is because cookies arouse different emotions among consumers. This is the brand identity among RCD consumers. The brand image of Pillsbury RCD products must convey the following benefits to consumers: Ease of use Affordability Good taste Appealing to kids Quick to make Are fun activity with kids and family members Guillen must consider strong areas of RCD and communicate them to consumers. As a result, both existing and new customers shall realise the benefits of RCD. The company can only build brand equity and invoke emotional attachment with target markets if it can compete effectively. Therefore, the increase in market shares sh all enhance the brand value of RCD. Once RCD has established a brand value, the company shall realise increase in sales volumes and returns because consumers shall be paying for the value they receive from RCD. The company must find effective ways of communicating the brand value of RCD to target markets. Constant studying of consumers and changes in the market The company must engage in constant market research in order to communicate the right message to consumers. The company must possess deep knowledge about the target markets. It must understand factors that influence their purchase decisions, what they like in the product, and what they do not like. This shall enable Guillen to develop effective message to consumers. The company must also adapt advertisement campaigns to Canadian consumers. Promoting brand consistency The company has been relying on advertisement message developed in the US. However, the research results showed that consumers in both regions had different characteristics, preferred methods of preparing cookies, and showed different views about purchase drivers. Therefore, controlling these factors in Canadian market is imperative for increasing purchase frequencies. Effective channel of communication Through studies, Guillen established that RCD consumers were on the rise across households. Therefore, he must choose the right media to reach households, especially those with kids because kids influence purchase decisions and in turn may influence frequencies of purchase. Incorporating customers’ feedback The company can only build strong brands, increase frequencies of purchase, and communicate effectively if it considers feedback from customers. Such feedback can help the company realise various causes of lapsed in usage and reasons for non-users. Therefore, Guillen must realise that building RCD brand is critical for success of the company. He must follow suggestions and findings from market studies in order to increase p urchase frequencies, market penetration, reach the target markets, develop appropriate brand message, use effective channel, and turn lapsed users and non-users to product consumers.

The eNotes Blog How to Write a Character Analysis in 11Steps

How to Write a Character Analysis in 11Steps At first, learning how to write a character analysis may seem like an overwhelming task, especially when characters are evolving throughout the text. Not every aspect of a character will be directly stated by the author. Therefore, it’s up to you to find textual evidence that supports your interpretation of the character’s disposition. The goal of a character analysis is to explain how a character’s specific traits are represented in and influence a literary work. When analyzing characters, you should evaluate how an author describes them, their actions, and their dialogue within the plot. To help get you started, lets review 11 steps to writing a character analysis. 1. Identify the character Before writing, you should have a basic understanding of the character you want to analyze. Several important questions to ask yourself include the following: What is the characters role in the story? Is it a major or minor role? Who does the character interact with? Who is important to the character? What possessions does the character have? How does the character relate to them? To best answer these questions, its helpful to identify the specific types of characters and roles within a story. 2. Take notes Regardless of how many times you’ve read the text, skim the piece again and actively note specific scenes in which your character appears. Highlight any meaningful dialogues or descriptions provided by the author. Once you start writing, your notes will be helpful references to add textual support into your analysis. 3. Locate the character’s initial introduction First impressions are important, and so identifying how an author introduces a character is vital to a successful character analysis. Ask yourself: How is the character first introduced by the author? What is she doing? What is her relation to the other characters? Character introductions often provide physical descriptions that may reflect specific aspects about the characters nature or livelihood. 4. Â  Look for words repeatedly used to describe the character Make note of the words used to describe your character, especially if they’re repeated throughout the text. These recurring descriptions may provide insight into the character’s psychology and motivations behind the actions the character makes. 5. Â  Be aware of items associated with the character Whether these items are part of the characters physical descriptions or part of a larger symbolic significance, they may express important aspects of the character, which will help you better define who your character is. 6. Identify the character’s use of language You can learn a lot about characters by how they communicate. For instance, a character’s language may reveal insights into her background or current livelihood: Is she educated? Does she use slang? Does her language reflect where shes from? 7. Note the character’s actions and their effects on others Actions do tend to speak louder than words. A character’s behavior will often provide more insight into a character’s persona rather than the physical descriptions given by the author or other characters. 8. Identify the characters motivation As you consider the effects of your character’s internal thoughts and external actions on others, you’ll want to also consider why the character is acting or thinking in a particular way. 9. Â  Consider the historical time period You should always put the character’s actions and thoughts in context and refrain from making contemporary judgments about the past. The setting is a crucial component of the plot and can significantly influence character development, so develop an understanding of the historical context in which your character is a part. 10. Â  Identify the authors attitude Be mindful of the author’s attitude towards the characters he or she has created. The author may be directing you toward an intended interpretation. 11. Create an outline At this point, you should have enough information about your character to start constructing an outline for your analysis. This is the time to refer back to your notes to find textual evidence that supports conclusions you’ve made about your character and the role she plays in the literary work. When you feel confident in your comprehension and interpretation of the text, you should be on your way to writing a successful character analysis! For a more in-depth review on how to write a character analysis and specific examples for each step, visit ’ How To Series.

The Tobacco Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Tobacco Industry - Essay Example This paper will examine the historical mechanisms through which the tobacco companies exercised their political influence, assess whether they influenced the public policy process legitimately, and discuss how this particular case study affects people generally. As a preliminary matter, from an historical point of view, the tobacco industry has most certainly influenced the public policy process. Their general approach has been essentially twofold. First, the tobacco industry has relied for many decades on financial contributions made to political parties and to individual candidates and incumbents. These financial contributions were not made on the basis of any particular ideological affinity; indeed, until the election of the Clinton administration in the mid-1990s, the tobacco industry contributed roughly the same amount to both political parties. This changed, however when the Clinton administration began to highlight the public health issues involving tobacco. In short, financial contributions were used for many years to influence both parties; after Clinton took a harder stand against tobacco, the contributions continued but predominantly in favor of the Republican Party. These contributions were supplemented by financial contribution s, made through political action committees,, to individual candidates and incumbents. In addition to these "soft money contributions", a second mechanism was the creation, funding, and support of lobbying groups with interests in line with those of the tobacco industry. As the case study notes, the tobacco industry, either of its own initiative or through its proxy, the Tobacco Institute, funded or supported advocacy groups, think tanks, and other research projects consistent with their economic and public policy aims. There was no particular concern for scientific integrity; quite the contrary, as the case study explains, the tobacco industry was most interested in partisan research that could be used to influence public policy in it is favor. In sum, these financial contributions and lobbying efforts formed the primary mechanisms by which the tobacco industry influenced public policy. This influence was profound and remarkably successful; to be sure, the tobacco industry had never lost a product liability lawsuit until 1996, and governmental efforts to regulate tobacco had been fundamentally feeble. The question, in hindsight, is whether the tobacco industry influenced the public policy process in a legitimate manner. The answer must be, despite technical niceties, a resounding no. This is because the tobacco industry effectively corrupted the public policy process for its own ends rather than contributing to an honest public discussion. Politicians were afraid to lose their financial

Tourism Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Tourism Industry - Research Paper Example It was gauged to be 60.4% free. Starting a business requires 63 days compared to a world average of 48 days. Acquiring licenses is relatively easier than shutting down a buiness.However, the national regulatory environment exercises considerable control over the freedom to start, operate and close a business venture. Financial freedom is a measure of banking security as well as the extent of government intervention. State ownership of financial entities like banks and insurance companies has adverse effects on the free functioning of the market. On the financial front there is substantial State interference in the UAE.There are restrictions on foreign ownership(with a cap of 49% on foreign stake)of companies listed on the stock exchange, while some companies prohibit foreign ownership altogether. There are 21 domestic banks and 26 foreign banks currently and no new bank licenses have been issued since the mid eighties. The insurance sector has been closed to foreign companies since the late eighties, currently there are 47 insurance companies nearly half of them are foreign. The capital market is relatively developed with two stock exchanges. There is skepticism about foreign ownership and financial policies are restrictive. Investment freedom-30% Investment freedom is essentially an evaluation of the free flow of capital, especially foreign capital. Foreign investment in UAE is subject to constrains. It is mandatory for a UAE national to hold 51% ownership in every company, except the ones located in the free zones. Foreign investors do not receive national treatment. There are limitations on land ownership also, with the Non Gulf Co-operation Council nationals being barred from owning lands.Furthermore; only 22 out of 53 stocks on the UAE stock market are open to foreign investment. However there are no controls on current transfers, foreign exchange access or repatriation of profits. Because of excessive controls, the investment climate in UAE is deemed adverse to foreign investments. Freedom from Corruption-62% Includes an assessment of the prevalence and degree of administrative and judicial corruption at the government level. Corruption is prevalent though not in a significant degree. The UAE was ranked 38th out of 158 countries in the Transparency International Corruptions Perception in 2005. Taxation Environment-99.9% It is a measure of the burden of individual and corporate taxes as well the proportion of tax revenue of the government to the total GDP. The UAE taxation regime is reasonably conducive for business growth. There is no income tax and no federal level corporate tax; however the tax structure for foreign banks and oil companies is different. Foreign oil companies are liable to pay a 55% corporate tax whereas a 20% corporate tax is levied on foreign banks. The Government imposes a rental tax and a 7%-12% federal level value added tax is being contemplated. Tax revenue of the